Ontological Argument Is Not Reliant On An Posteriori

Ontological Argument Saint Anselm created the â€Å"Ontological Argument†. Saint Anselm was the archbishop of Canterbury. The premise of Saint Anselm’s Ontological Argument is that, no greater being can be conceived than God. The Ontological Argument is an a priori or deductive argument. An a priori argument does not have to be supported by real or factual evidence just by reason without observation. Thus, the Ontological Argument is not reliant on an a posteriori premise. An a posteriori argument is an inductive argument and usually considered to be true because of past evidence or reasoning and rarely false. In â€Å"Core Questions in Philosophy† by Elliot Sober, Sober first discusses how Saint Anselm’s Ontological Argument agues the†¦show more content†¦However, nothing can be imagined greater or more perfect than God. So therefore Anselm believes, God must exist in every possible world. However, Gaunilo and Kant criticize Anselm’s Ontol ogical Argument. First, Guanilo believes that Saint Anselm’s Ontological Argument is faulty. Regardless that the Ontological Argument is deductively valid, Gaunilo believed there must be something inaccurate with the argument. Gaunilo used a concept of a perfect island, which he shortens to P-island. Gaunilo’s counter-argument is actually in the same format of Anselm’s Ontological Argument, which is an a priori argument. The theory of a P-island is that no greater island can be thought of. This theory begins the same way as Anselm starts out the Ontological Argument. By paralleling to the Ontological Argument, that no greater being can be thought of greater than God; Gaunelos premise is that, no greater island to be though of than P-island. So furthermore, P-island is the best possible island. His first premise was, P-island is the greatest possible imaginable island. Second was that, if the island doesn t exist in the real world, it is not as perfect as an isl and that exists in all possible worlds. Then, his result was that a P-island is not contingent but exists necessarily. Furthermore, Gaunelo next concluded that the two premises of the P-island counter-argument are true; but that it doesn t deductively imply the conclusion. He then states that this mustShow MoreRelatedDoes The Ontological Argument Successfully Show That God Exists? Essay1859 Words   |  8 PagesNumber - SYBSAM001 Course code - PHI1024F Course Lecturer – Dean Chapman Tutor – Kajal Carr Does the Ontological Argument successfully show that God exists? God – â€Å"a being of which nothing greater can be conceived.† (Blackburn, S, 1999. Think. New York United States of America, Oxford University Press Inc. 5:154) The ontological argument put forward by St Anselm, is based on this definition. The argument, Anselm’s premises, the concept of god being understood, god existing in the understanding and godRead MoreEssay about Desire in Herman Melville’s Moby-Dick2921 Words   |  12 Pagesthe impenetrable wall, as well as the foundation, of being—and nothingness. As Rene Girard observes, â€Å"Every hero of a novel expects his being to be radically changed by the act of possession.† 4 More broadly, as Girard implies throughout his argument, the literary project typically entails the achievement or failure of desire, made manifest by the fixed protocols of comedy and tragedy, respectively—with multiple variations on the classic literary modes in synchronic practice. Ishmael as desiring

The Story Shortcomings On Declining Of Miko s And Ben...

The story Shortcomings focuses on declining of Miko’s and Ben relation. According to the narrative, Miko and Ben had fights and Miko moved to New York City for an internship, the pressure got even worse. As we keep on reading the narrative, we get to know that it discusses stereotypes that impact our sense of identity and our outlook. The author Adrian has done a great work explaining different ways in which ethnic stereotypes can affect an individual mentally. The argument about Ben and Miko’s relationship provides a better understanding of race and identity and its impact and consequences on gender. Throughout the narrative, Ben is the type of character that is represented as not being comfortable with himself. He is pressurized to resist his identity and later come to terms with the stereotypes he faces as being an Asian American male. In other words, he has been confused and never fully capable to come to terms with his own identification and status. So some major themes discussed in the narrative are based on masculinity and sexual inefficiency. The difficulty that Ben faces in his own identity is to analyze what it means to be an Asian American male. One of the stereotypes regarding Asian males is that they are sexually inadequate, nonetheless this is not declared until more than halfway through the narrative, when Ben went after a sexual relationship with a white woman (Tomine, 58). For Ben, his ethnic identity lies in his se xual identity. According to the

Health Care Support Services free essay sample

Healthcare Support Services New to Health Care With today’s social, cultural, political and economic shifts, public health has become a huge topic of concern. More and more communities are depending on public health organizations for information, education and assistance in maintaining a healthy society. In The Untilled Fields of Public Health, Charles-Edward Amory Winslow defines public health as â€Å"the science and art of preventing diseases, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals. Public health is a non exclusive entity. In public health, the â€Å"community† in which an issue is concerned with includes all people affected by a specific concern, illness, affliction, policy or law. Public health considers the community, not an individual, as the patient in which a proactive stance is taken, rather than a reactive one. Public health uses demog raphics and statistics to predict health issues and acts in accordance with those predictions to try and prevent illness or disease that a community might be at a high risk for. Public health accomplishes this by promoting awareness through providing education and information, as well as providing services that might be needed for the prevention of said illness or disease. The demographics of public health, as a whole, are non existent. Public health is an all inclusive organization. They do not exclude any one culture, race, income grade, region or country. Public health, as a whole, is concerned with the health of the population of the entire world. Every community, no matter how big or small, or how rich or poor, or where it’s located has its own public health concerns. That is the basis of public health as a whole. However, demographics can be applied to smaller groups or communities on a case by case basis. For instance, a few years ago when the Swine Flu was spreading across the world and there were concerns of a pandemic breakout, demographically it was contained to Mexico or people who had traveled in or out of Mexico or people who had had contact with those travelers. The Swine Flu originated in Mexico, therefore the demographic statistics show a higher percentage of Hispanics in Mexico afflicted than, for example, Asians in the United States. Public health offers many types of services. These services might include educational services, public awareness, printed information, handing out supplies and many other activities. Public health encompasses a broad scope of public services offered both by the government and private sectors of a community. Some types of services that are offered through organizations that belong to the public health scope might be nutrition education and assistance, such as Women, Infants and Children, better known as WIC or the SNAP program through the Department of Health and Human Services, better known as the Food Stamp Program. Both of these services offer education and information on better nutrition of children and families, as well as financial assistance for purchasing healthier foods. Another organization that is encompassed by the public health definition would be vaccination clinics for children and elderly. These programs provide immunizations at low or no cost in order to prevent illness and disease. Without programs such as these, disease would be spread more rapidly and affect more and more of the population. Public health is fast becoming a new philanthropic trend as well. More and more individuals and businesses are contributing financially to the public health industry. The idea that educating and informing a community in order to make them more aware of health concerns is quickly being realized as a valid way of preventing and controlling the spread of illness and disease, therefore more people are donating time, money and effort toward public health. The idea that a community can self determine their health, lifestyle and even their own mortality rate through education, information, awareness and healthier lifestyle practices is a leading force in the promotion of public health. A well educated and proactive community can become healthier, more preventative of disease and therefore have a lower mortality rate. Educating communities on such issues as the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, obesity, drug abuse, cancers, HIV and AIDS and how they relate to the community statistically and demographically can make that community more aware of the concern and how it relates to them. This information can quite literally make the difference in an epidemic becoming a pandemic. Public health takes the concerns of a community and learns rom them, educates the public, works to prevent the reoccurrence of the issue at hand, and studies the statistics and information obtained to try to prevent it from happening again or in another community. This plays a vital role in the health care industry because it lessens the frequency of illness and disease, which in turn reduces the cost of health care overall. I chose public health because I feel public health services a nd programs will contribute to making the world healthier and reducing diseases world wide. Also, public health will provide new avenues for low income and minorities to become healthier through the programs offered by public health organizations. Some low income and minorities do not have equitable access to healthy foods, lifestyles or medical care, especially preventative health care that others have. I feel this is a huge contributor to disease and illness in those demographic areas and public health can remedy this problem through education and services offered. For me, working in the public health sector of the health care industry would be time and research intensive but would be extremely rewarding personally and publicly. Working to make communities more aware, preventing illness and disease, assisting in legislature, community advocacy and doing it all within the scope of public health would be a most fulfilling and desirable position for me in the health care industry. In a nutshell, public health is an all encompassing, all inclusive sector of the health care industry that holds a blind eye to race, economic status, culture and region but that has its eyes wide open in realizing education and preventative health care can, and will, make the difference. References: Winslow,C. -E. A. â€Å"The Untilled Fields of Public Health,† Science, n. s. 51 (1920), p. 23

Beethoven Symphony No free essay sample

Compositions of the Classical period were simply written for the sake of music. In a sense, Beethoven is the youngest child of the three. Mozart and Haydn do things by the book, while Beethoven breaks the rues and finds his own way. He was the child of Enlightenment and emphasized individualism rather than tradition. This is evident in symphony no. 5 (1 SST movement), which is one of Beethovens most popular works and still heard today. What Beethoven composed is revolutionary and unique. The symphony starts off with a 4-note motive, dad dad dad dada, that many of us can recognize.The motive was even played as a victorious moment through Morse Code in World War II. The most significant characteristic of the opening motif is the rhythm, which has very suspenseful pauses in between. The motive is played by the orchestra playing in unison, which is one reason why this piece is so revolutionary. We will write a custom essay sample on Beethoven Symphony No or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When asked about this very energetic motive present in the beginning of the symphony, Beethoven may have answered that it was Fate knocking at the door This piece exemplifies Beethoven because this C-minor symphony appears to picture the struggle of the individual with fate.There is also a ensue of revolutionary spirit present. During this time, the Napoleonic Wars were raging, political turmoil was present in Austria, and Vienna was occupied by Napoleon. People wanted to be free from dictatorship as they experienced a universal struggle. They were all longing for a breakthrough, a human release. The people of this time wanted to do things differently by breaking rules and finding their own identity. This is what Beethoven does in symphony no. 5. He composed in a very deliberate way, resulting in music that connects and touches very well with people.Beethoven was fascinated tit human emotions and successfully portrayed this in his symphonies. People found value in his music, while Beethoven struggled to find a sense of value in himself. Perhaps the fate knocking at the door had to do with his personal life. Fate struck Beethoven most cruelly in his early ass when he acknowledged the fact of his deafness and began the long process of coming to terms with a of musical disability and a social one (it did not interfere with his ability to compose) His standing as a pianist with excellent connections at court was seriously threatened, as well as his relationships with friends and women.His injections with court is crucial to him, because in terms of his career, Beethoven earned his money through publications and public performances, but depended on patrons in which he gave private performances and copies of his work which they commissioned for extra money. The famous opening catches everyones ears because of its intensity. It is present with struggle and despair. The movement is played in a sonata- allegro form.Beethoven may have felt sorry for himself, but there is a sense of triumph expressed in the conclusion of the Fifth Symphony (4th movement). Beethoven is coming back from defeat and basically giving an attitude of, l told you so in regards to the fate knocking at the door. His struggles included thoughts of suicide, but He triumphs over his struggles and low points of his life with feelings of hope rather than despair. There are many musical elements present in the 1 SST movement. The use Of dynamics during the first movement is absolutely amazing. Beethoven works with the loudness and softness of sound by using different types of instruments and also their volume, making it the perfect combination of instruments. The dynamics are very important because there are a lot of crescendos and decrescendos in the piece. Beethoven starts this piece with repeated basic motives. We then hear two themes. The first theme is an overlap of the motives by the violins and violas.The opening ends with a strong cadence and a general pause. It is very intense and suspenseful. The opening motive is played by the entire orchestra in unison. The motive is heard in descending form and then ascending form, which leads to a dramatic climax, with the sound of horns being present. The second theme begins with a gentle, lyrical phrase accompanied by the motive in low strings. The phrase is played in turn by violins, clarinet, and flute. At the peak of the lima in the second theme, a strong closing theme emerges in the violins.

Dear John by Nicholas Sparks Book Review

'Dear John' by Nicholas Sparks Book Review Dear John is trademark Nicholas Sparks - romantic, sappy, sad, and redeeming. The book revolves around the love story of an army sergeant who falls in love shortly before 9/11. Dear John is one of Sparks most popular stories, and became known to an even wider audience after it was made into a movie in 2010 starring Amanda Seyfried and Channing Tatum.   Summary Dear John  starts in the present day, in terms of the books timeline, with John watching Savannah from afar. He is thinking about how much he loves her and why their relationship dissolved. Lost in a train of thought, John then takes the reader back in time and narrates the story of their love. The whole book is narrated by John, who joined the army to get away from his reclusive father and to straighten out. While he is on leave at home in Wilmington, North Carolina, he meets Savannah. They soon fall in love, but Johns time in the army post-9/11 weigh on the couples relationship. Review There is, unfortunately, not much more to say about the book other than its a predictable love story.  Dear John  has a pretty formulaic plot. Sparks writing is smooth and easy, but the characters are not memorable or complex. Furthermore, the love story is not very realistic. That being said, the characters are likable, if not particularly nuanced, and Johns relationship with his father creates a nice subplot. Although Sparks is one of the first to set the age-old boy meets girl love story in the modern, post-9/11 world, he does not delve into how the war affects the characters. In  Dear John, it could be any war keeping them apart. This specific war is not important. Overall,  Dear John  is a  quick, easy read that is not painful but also not extremely enjoyable to read. If you need  some beach reading, go ahead and borrow it. It will give you a few hours of  escape if nothing else. Recommended for those who like sappy romantic comedies, and at times tragedies, but not for those who like a little meat in their reading.  If you like previous books by Sparks, you will probably enjoy  Dear John.

Astrology Essays - Astrology, Astrological Signs, Pseudoscience

Astrology Essays - Astrology, Astrological Signs, Pseudoscience Astrology Have you ever wondered what the signs of the Zodiac means? When we turn on the TV it seems we always see an advertisement on horoscope predictions. People call in and get the predictions they have been looking for. When the newspaper first arrives, some people go to the horoscope section first. They base the entire day or entire week on the report they get. It seems that this phenomenon is something all new, or is it? Astrology has been around since ancient times, even dating back to biblical days. Astrology has a long line of history and a bright future. We will attempt to cover that topic as well as the signs and elements of the Zodiac. The signs of the Zodiac include: Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius and Pisces. Astrologers also claim the planets play a role in many key factors. How do these things affect us? We will also look at astrology as a science; a way to predict and control your life and your destiny. Although many people refer to astrology as just being superstitious others say the predictions are not worth the paper they are written on. Many men and women have studied astronomy but we will look at Mother Shipton. What caused this woman to focus her life on the study of astrology? Why did she believe astrology could predict ones character or life? Was she just passing on false information or is the universe interrelated and everything is based on these Zodiac signs? Astrology is a phenomenon that dates back to biblical days. There is an ancient legend, that Adam received the doctrines and mysteries of astrology direct from his Maker and thus by foreknowing that the earth was to be destroyed first by fire and afterwards by water. (Thompson 17) Astrology has played an important role in our civilization. Starting with Adam and even being present in todays society. Different civilizations seemed to be practicing astrology independetely. People noticed the Sun in particular had a change on how crops grew. Many people viewed astronomy and astrology as a similar science until the 1500s. People knew by looking at the sun or what the size of the moon was when to plant crops or even when a baby was going to be born. These early astrologers were searching for their place in life. A place where they fit into the universe. They believed that every component of the universe was linked together and everyone had their own place. Every aspect of ones life was based on the planets and the stars. Even behavior was blamed on the position of the sun! Astrology is widely practiced today. Even today most farmers have a Farmers Almanac. This book tells you when to plant your crops, and many people have success. Some wont even think about planting crops without this information. This is a form of astrology, although many people do not realize it. A popular form of astrology is the Physic Friends Network. This is a 900 number you can call in to see what your sign is and how this affects you. The astrologers on the Physic Friends Network always seem to know what has happened in the past and what will occur in the future. Everyone who says they are astrologers obviously are not and its up to us to use our own judgment to decide. When you hear people talk about signs of the Zodiac you often Wonder what does that mean? Ancient astronomers noted that the sun makes a yearly journey across the celestial sphere, part of which is represented in the picture by the blue band. The ancient astronomers associated dates with the constellations in this narrow belt (which is known as the zodiac), assigning to each constellation of stars the dates when the sun was in the same region of the celestial sphere as the constellation. (Encarta 1999) Each Zodiac sign belongs to four different elements: Fire, Air, Earth and Water. Fire is a positive element; this element focuses on changing energy from one form to another. Air is also a positive element that is associated with the spiritual part of life. Earth on the other hand is a

CASE 3 ETHICS - Physical Privacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CASE 3 ETHICS - Physical Privacy - Essay Example Utilitarianism focuses on the consequences of actions, and the consequences of suspending these two players are generally good, while Deontology understands that although people have rights to enhance themselves, they should do so within the bounds of law and integrity, to which they have duties of following. Utilitarians assert that an action is good, if it results to a net good for the greatest number of people, and severe penalties for artificially enhancing performance have widespread benefits to numerous stakeholders (Brooks & Dunn, 2010, p.183). First, the penalty respects the hard work of majority of athletes who do not use these enhancers. Using testosterone has been documented to have immediate physical and functioning effects on athletes, such as increased strength, agility, and speed (Lumpkin, Stoll, & Beller, 2012, p.154). Their former manager, Brian Cashman, says that he is not surprised that these athletes used testosterone. He said: â€Å"In Bartolo’s case, as well as he has done last year as well through this year, at his age, after coming back from that surgery, makes you scratch your head† (DelVecchio, 2012). As for Cabrera, Cashman’s comments were: â€Å"When we traded him to Atlanta we had him as a low-end, everyday regular or an excellent fourth outfielder† (DelVecchio, 2012). ... Sports must be about natural abilities that are improved through regular practice, discipline, and other â€Å"natural† efforts. If everyone followed the same practice of using enhancers, people would no longer know if the performance they see is â€Å"natural† or a product of drug enhancement. The â€Å"truth† and â€Å"reality† of sports will be shattered. This means that using testosterone can have negative effects on the perceptions of both athletes and sports. The penalties are just because they ensure that athletes would not succumb to similar practices and that the sports industry’s image will not be marred. With such a high penalty, other athletes will be discouraged of using enhancers. They will know that the harms to their income and career will outweigh the benefits. Third, using these enhancers has side effects (Lumpkin et al., 2012, p.154). They can experience â€Å"life-threatening problems such as extreme psychoses, heart disease, li ver and kidney damage, and cancer (Lumpkin et al., 2012, p.155). Other side effects are mood swings and uncontrollable aggression (Lumpkin et al., 2012, p.155). With these negative effects on athletes, it means that Cabrera and Colon are harming themselves. If the youth follows their enhancement practices, they will also be in peril. Thus, as role models who can detrimentally affect the sports industry and other athletes, Cabrera and Colon deserve a steep punishment. Deontology focuses on duty, not consequences, and Cabrera and Colon have duties to the sports industry, fellow athletes, and audience to follow rules and regulations (Ferrell et al., 2011, p.159). The sports industry has already banned the use of testosterone and other artificial enhancers because they are unethical. Cabrera and Colon are aware of these